Scala - Regular Expressions

Scala supports regular expressions through Regex classe available in the scala.util.matching package. Let us check an example where we wil try to find out word Scala from a statement:

import scala.util.matching.Regex object Test { def main(args: Array[String]) { val pattern = "Scala".r val str = "Scala is Scalable and cool" println(pattern findFirstIn str) } }

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:

C:/>scalac Test.scala C:/>scala Test Some(Scala) C:/>

We create a String and call the r( ) method on it. Scala implicitly converts the String to a RichString and invokes that method to get an instance of Regex. To find a first match of the regular expression, simply call the findFirstIn() method. If instead of finding only the first occurrence we would like to find all occurrences of the matching word, we can use thefindAllIn( ) method and in case there are multiple Scala words available in the target string, this will return a collection of all matching words.

You can make use of the mkString( ) method to concatenate the resulting list and you can use a pipe (|) to search small and capital case of Scala and you can use Regex constructor instead orr() method to create a pattern as follows:

import scala.util.matching.Regex object Test { def main(args: Array[String]) { val pattern = new Regex("(S|s)cala") val str = "Scala is scalable and cool" println((pattern findAllIn str).mkString(",")) } }

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:

C:/>scalac Test.scala C:/>scala Test Scala,scala C:/>

If you would like to replace matching text, we can use replaceFirstIn( ) to replace the first match or replaceAllIn( ) to replace all occurrences as follows:

object Test { def main(args: Array[String]) { val pattern = "(S|s)cala".r val str = "Scala is scalable and cool" println(pattern replaceFirstIn(str, "Java")) } }

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:

C:/>scalac Test.scala C:/>scala Test Java is scalable and cool C:/>

Forming regular expressions:

Scala inherits its regular expression syntax from Java, which in turn inherits most of the features of Perl. Here are just some examples that should be enough as refreshers:

Here is the table listing down all the regular expression metacharacter syntax available in Java:

Subexpression	Matches
^	Matches beginning of line.
$	Matches end of line.
.	Matches any single character except newline. Using m option allows it to match newline as well.
[...]	Matches any single character in brackets.
[^...]	Matches any single character not in brackets
\\A	Beginning of entire string
\\z	End of entire string
\\Z	End of entire string except allowable final line terminator.
re*	Matches 0 or more occurrences of preceding expression.
re+	Matches 1 or more of the previous thing
re?	Matches 0 or 1 occurrence of preceding expression.
re{ n}	Matches exactly n number of occurrences of preceding expression.
re{ n,}	Matches n or more occurrences of preceding expression.
re{ n, m}	Matches at least n and at most m occurrences of preceding expression.
a|b	Matches either a or b.
(re)	Groups regular expressions and remembers matched text.
(?: re)	Groups regular expressions without remembering matched text.
(?> re)	Matches independent pattern without backtracking.
\\w	Matches word characters.
\\W	Matches nonword characters.
\\s	Matches whitespace. Equivalent to [\t\n\r\f].
\\S	Matches nonwhitespace.
\\d	Matches digits. Equivalent to [0-9].
\\D	Matches nondigits.
\\A	Matches beginning of string.
\\Z	Matches end of string. If a newline exists, it matches just before newline.
\\z	Matches end of string.
\\G	Matches point where last match finished.
\\n	Back-reference to capture group number "n"
\\b	Matches word boundaries when outside brackets. Matches backspace (0x08) when inside brackets.
\\B	Matches nonword boundaries.
\\n, \\t, etc.	Matches newlines, carriage returns, tabs, etc.
\\Q	Escape (quote) all characters up to \\E
\\E	Ends quoting begun with \\Q

Regular-expression Examples:

Example	Description
.	Match any character except newline
[Rr]uby	Match "Ruby" or "ruby"
rub[ye]	Match "ruby" or "rube"
[aeiou]	Match any one lowercase vowel
[0-9]	Match any digit; same as [0123456789]
[a-z]	Match any lowercase ASCII letter
[A-Z]	Match any uppercase ASCII letter
[a-zA-Z0-9]	Match any of the above
[^aeiou]	Match anything other than a lowercase vowel
[^0-9]	Match anything other than a digit
\\d	Match a digit: [0-9]
\\D	Match a nondigit: [^0-9]
\\s	Match a whitespace character: [ \t\r\n\f]
\\S	Match nonwhitespace: [^ \t\r\n\f]
\\w	Match a single word character: [A-Za-z0-9_]
\\W	Match a nonword character: [^A-Za-z0-9_]
ruby?	Match "rub" or "ruby": the y is optional
ruby*	Match "rub" plus 0 or more ys
ruby+	Match "rub" plus 1 or more ys
\\d{3}	Match exactly 3 digits
\\d{3,}	Match 3 or more digits
\\d{3,5}	Match 3, 4, or 5 digits
\\D\\d+	No group: + repeats \\d
(\\D\\d)+/	Grouped: + repeats \\D\d pair
([Rr]uby(, )?)+	Match "Ruby", "Ruby, ruby, ruby", etc.

Note that, every backslash appears twice in the string above. This is because in Java and Scala a single backslash is an escape character in a string literal, not a regular character that shows up in the string. So instead of .\. you need to write .\\. to get a single backslash in the string. Check the following example:

import scala.util.matching.Regex object Test { def main(args: Array[String]) { val pattern = new Regex("abl[ae]\\d+") val str = "ablaw is able1 and cool" println((pattern findAllIn str).mkString(",")) } }

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:

C:/>scalac Test.scala C:/>scala Test able1 C:/>

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